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你与否疑惑过，
鸟类们在想些甚么，它能感觉到甚么？
从这个问题开始吧：
我的狗是吗爱我呢，
还是只是想要些吃的？
只不过很难看出，
他们的狗是吗爱他们的，
确实能很难看出
它的小脑袋里在想甚么 。
那它到底在想甚么呢？
想些它在想的东西啊 。
不过为甚么他们只关注它与否爱他们？
为甚么重心常常围绕他们？
他们为甚么这般偏执？
我真的能问鸟类另两个问题：
你是谁？
大脑具有一些特殊潜能，
他们认为那些潜能
是大脑独有的 。
但真是这样吗？
其他鸟类都用脑子做些甚么呢？
它有怎样的价值观和感觉呢？
人类文明有没有方式去介绍它？
我真的是能做到的 。
而且有不只一种方式 。
他们能从对鸟类变异的历程，
观察它的神经系统结构，
以及它的犯罪行为特点 。
他们要记住的第二件事是：
人类文明的神经系统是继承来的 。
蚯蚓最先变异出突触 。
从蚯蚓演化成了第二个脊索鸟类 。
第二个脊索鸟类演化成了第二个脊椎鸟类 。
脊椎鸟类从海里出，
就有了现在的他们 。
不过不管是鸟类，海参，还是你，
你们都有着那样的突触和轴突 。
而那些能不能告诉他们
海参脑子里在想甚么？
他们能知道吗？
在我看来，假如一头海参
每当它想从树洞里爬出的时候
你就给它两个小的WHITE，
能导致它产生强迫症 。
而假如你给这只海参心肌炎，
吃给人类文明强迫症患者那样的药，
海参也会放松起来，然后继续出树洞探索 。
而他们是是不是判断的
海参与否焦虑呢？
绝大多数情况下，他们把它煮了吃 。
（笑声）
蝎子会采用辅助工具，
绝大多数家犬也是这般，
它还能分辨人脸识别 。
他们对那些聪明的蝎子做了甚么？
直接烹煮 。
假如一头海龟在追赶虾子的时候
虾子躲到了珊瑚的裂纹，
他就会去到海龟睡觉的地方，
对后它会发报
给海龟说：“ll 。”
海龟能够理解这个信号 。
并跟著进入这个裂纹里
一起去捉虾子，
虾子要是再跑出出，
外面海龟就抓住它了 。
这是两个他们最近才辨认出的
有名的合作关系 。
而他们是是不是对待这份有名友谊的？
他们炸了它 。
当他们介绍的越多，
辨认出的多是有关他们的规律性
而不是有关它的规律性 。
石斑鱼会采用辅助工具，
它花时间给小宝宝展示
它正在做甚么
好让小宝宝也能跟著它做，
这就是课堂教学 。
长颈鹿没有课堂教学犯罪行为 。
北极熊会课堂教学，还会分享食物 。
当变异缔造上新生物时，
常常在现有的基础上
缔造出捷伊转变 。
他们的神经系统
是经过很长的时间
演化而来的 。
假如把大脑和长颈鹿的神经系统
做两个对比，
你会辨认出大脑只不过就是
两个放大的猴子脑而已 。
他们有位大一些的神经系统只不过没关系的，
因为毕竟他们太缺乏安全感了 。
（笑声）
这是个海豚的神经系统，
更大，而且其中的沟回更多 。
也许你会问了，
他们看到了那些神经系统，
但是那些和心智有甚么关系呢？
正是犯罪行为的逻辑
体现出心智 。
你们看那些大象，
很显然，它是在休息 。
它在棕榈树下找到了一块阴凉地，
它让小象尽情休息，
成年大象打着小盹但依然保持着警惕 。
他们能很好地理解眼前的场景，
就像鸟类们能很好地理解
它在做甚么那样 。
因为在同两个太阳下，
在同一片平原上的嚎叫声，
代表着它世世代代经历的危险，
它变成了它的样子，
他们变成了他们的样子 。
长时间以来，他们都是好邻居 。
没人会误认为那些大象现在是放松的 。
很明显它仍然保持着警觉 。
那么它警惕的是甚么呢？
实际上假如你将游客的声音录下来
然后把音箱放在草丛里播放录音，
大象是不会理你的，
因为游客是不会打扰它的 。
但假如你录的是拿着长矛的
经常在水坑里伤害大象的牧人的声音，
大象就会聚在一起逃离
藏着音箱的这个地方 。
大象不仅仅知道那有人，
它更知道存在着不同的人，
有些人是无害的，
而有些人是危险的 。
它观察他们的时间比
他们观察它的时间还要多 。
它介绍他们的程度也远超于
他们介绍它的程度 。
他们跟它都有同样的需求：
照顾孩子，寻找食物，
尽力活下去 。
不管他们是在非洲的
山峦里徒步旅行，
还是在深海中潜水，
他们本质上是那样的 。
皮囊之下他们都是相同的 。
不同的大象有同样的骨架，
不同的北极熊也有同样的骨架，
就像他们那样 。
他们能在需要帮助的地方找到帮助 。
他们能在年轻人中看到好奇心 。
他们能看到家庭血缘的联系 。
他们能认知爱情 。
求爱就是求爱 。
然后他们还会问：“它有意识吗？”
假如你被全身麻醉了，
你就是无意识的，
也就是说你对一切事物
都没有感觉了 。
意识这个东西，简单地说，
只不过就是他们对事物的觉察 。
假如你看到了，听到了，感受到了，
或者注意到了一些东西，
你就是有意识的，鸟类们也是那样 。
有些人说，
人之所以为人是因为
人们有一些特别的东西，
其中那样就是同感 。
同感是一种让你能
感受同伴感情的心智潜能 。
这是个很有用的潜能 。
假如你的同伴们开始快速跑动，
你就会真的：
“我也得快点跟上了 。”
那么大家就一起跑了起来 。
同感最有名的形式
是可传染的恐惧 。
假如你的同伴们受到惊吓
全都飞走了，
然后你说出下面这句话
估计就不太妙了，
“天啊！为甚么它都飞走了？！”
（笑声）
同感自古就有，但就像
生活中的其他事情那样，
时时刻刻都存在着，
而且有它的微妙之处 。
有一种最基本的同感：那就是
假如你真的不开心，我也会真的不开心 。
我看见你很高兴，我也会真的很开心 。
有一种同感叫做同情心，
和同感有些区别，比如：
“听说你的祖母刚刚去世了，我感到很难过 。
虽然我不是像你那样的悲伤，
但是我懂你，我知道你的感觉，
我很关心你 。”
假如他们因为有同情心
而产生了相同的举动，
那么这就是怜悯了 。
跟那些塑造了人类文明的其它感情相比，
人类文明的同感离完美也还差的远 。
他们围捕着拥有同感的鸟类们，
杀掉它，吃掉它 。
你可能会说，
嗨，毕竟他们是不同的物种嘛 。
这就是捕食啊，
人类文明就是捕食者啊 。
但他们对于同类也不是很好 。
人们似乎只介绍有关
鸟类犯罪行为的一点，
就是永远也不能
把人类文明的想法和情感
套在其他物种身上 。
只不过，我真的这吗挺愚蠢的，
因为把人类文明的想法和情感
套用在其他物种身上
是介绍那些物种的犯罪行为
与感觉最好的猜测方式了，
因为它的神经系统和他们的
基本上是相同的 。
它和他们有着同样的结构 。
缔造出情感
和动机的荷尔蒙
同样也存在于它的神经系统中 。
即使它捕猎是因为饿了，
它的舌头伸出是因为累了，
但不能就此推断出
当它和幼崽们玩耍时
它表现出的是高兴 。
他们无法介绍它真实的感受 。
这吗不科学 。
有位采访人员跟我说，
“也许你是对的，但你是不是能真正知道
其他鸟类的价值观和感受呢？”
我就开始到处搜寻数以百计的科学文献
并在书中引用了它，
之后我才辨认出只不过答案就在
我所处的那间屋子里 。
当我的狗离开毛毯朝我走来的时候——
不是朝沙发走来，是朝我——
她翻身躺下了，
露出了她的肚子，
她肯定有这样的想法，
“我想让人给我挠挠肚子 。
我知道走到卡尔那去肯定管用，
他会懂我的想法的 。
我能相信他，
因为他们是一家人 。
他肯定会给我挠的，
而且那感觉肯定很爽 。”
（笑声）
她有价值观，也有情感，
这吗没有多复杂 。
但是他们看到其他的鸟类，
他们说道：“看！北极熊、
狼、大象！”
不过它自己可不是这么互相看的 。
这头高鳍的公鲸叫L41 。
他38岁 。
他左侧的这头母鲸叫L22 。
她44岁 。
它相识几十年了 。
它很清楚自己是谁 。
谁是他们的朋友 。
谁是他们的敌人 。
它遵循着自己的生活轨迹 。
它时时刻刻都清楚自己在哪 。
这是一头叫Philo的大象 。
他是头年轻的公象 。
这是四天后的他 。
人类文明不仅能感到悲痛，
他们还常常制造很多的痛苦 。
他们总想拔掉它的牙 。
难道他们就吗等不到它死去后再说吗？
大象的生活区域曾经遍布地中海的沿岸
一路向南直到非洲的好望角 。
到了1980年，大象的生存区
仍然分布在
中非和东非的广袤地区 。
而现在它的生存空间仅仅只有
一些零零散散的小地方了 。
这就是被他们灭绝
鸟类的栖息地变化，
它是他们的同胞，
这个星球上最神奇的生物 。
当然了，他们对美国的
野生鸟类稍微好一点 。
在黄石国家公园，
他们把狼全杀了 。
实际上，他们把加拿大
南部边境的狼也全杀了 。
20世纪90年代，
公园管理员们把狼杀光了，
60年后，他们又得送些狼进公园里，
因为没有了狼，公园里的麋鹿
数量疯长不可控了 。
而且后来游客们来了，
数以千计的人们都想看看狼，
全球只有那里能够轻易看到狼群了 。
我也到那去看了
难以置信的狼族 。
这是两个狼的家族 。
这个家族有一些成年狼
和几代年轻的狼 。
我去看的是黄石国家公园中
最著名的，也是最稳定的两个狼族 。
当它就在边境线以外一点徘徊时，
两只成年狼就被猎杀了，
有一头母狼，
也就是他们通常叫的母头狼 。
之后，狼族中剩下的成员
马上就开始了手足相残 。
狼姐妹之间相互驱离 。
在左边的那一头为重新融入
自己的家族而努力了好几天 。
然而其他狼不准，
她受到嫉妒 。
有两头公狼简直对她垂涎欲滴 。
她很早熟 。
这是它完全忍不了的 。
她到了公园外面徘徊，然后被猎杀了 。
一头公头狼也被赶出了这个家族 。
当冬天逐渐来临，
他失去了他的领地，
失去了他的捕食帮手，
失去了他的家庭成员和妻子 。
他们对它造成太多的伤害了 。
可问题是，为甚么它不会那样伤害他们呢？
这头鲸鱼刚刚吃了一头灰色鲸鱼的残尸，
那灰色的鲸鱼是它和它的同伴们一起猎杀的 。
而那些船里的人们根本无所畏惧 。
这只鲸鱼叫T20 。
它刚和它的两个同伴刚刚
把一头海豹撕成了三段 。
那只海豹和那些船里的人们差不多重 。
他们还是甚么都不怕 。
它吃海豹 。
可为甚么它不吃他们呢？
为甚么当它靠近他们的孩子时
他们仍然信任它？
为甚么北极熊在大雾天会到海上研究员那里
指引他们一直到数英里以外浓雾散去
到达那些研究员的家所在的海岸边？
而且这种情况还不止一次发生 。
在巴哈马群岛，
有位叫Denise Herzing的女人，
她研究斑海豚，那些斑海豚也认识她 。
她非常介绍它 。
她能认出它每一头都是谁 。
它也介绍她 。
它能认出那艘调查船 。
她每次出现的时候，
简直就是一次欢庆的重逢 。
只有一次，她出现的时候，
它并不想靠近那艘船，
那次确实是挺奇怪的 。
人们都弄不清楚是是不是回事，
直到有人来到了甲板上
告诉了人们他们船上的两个人
在床上打盹的时候
去世了 。
海豚是是不是知道
那其中的两个人
心脏停止了跳动呢？
为甚么它会关心这个呢？
为甚么这把它吓住了呢？
那些奇妙的事情就是在这个地球上
和他们一起生存的生物的神经系统中
时时刻刻在发生着的，
而他们对那些却根本毫不关心 。
在南非的两个水族馆里，
有一头叫Dolly的小宽吻海豚 。
它还在哺乳期，有一天，
两个饲养员在抽烟休息，
他一边抽着烟，一边透过玻璃
看着那些水里的海豚 。
Dolly过去看了一下他，
然后回到它妈妈身边，
大概吃了一两分钟的奶，
之后又回到了玻璃边，
吐出了一口奶，那些“奶烟”
笼罩在它的头上，就像人们抽烟那样 。
不知是不是的，这只小宽吻海豚
竟然想到了用吐奶来代表抽烟 。
当人类文明用两个事物去代表另那样事物，
他们便称之为艺术 。
（笑声）
真正使他们成为人类文明的东西
只不过并不是那些他们认为的
使他们成为人类文明的东西 。
真正让他们成为人类文明的东西只不过是
那些他们和鸟类们
都有的心智活动，
但他们却是最极端的 。
在这个星球上
他们是最有同情心
也最暴力
最有缔造力
也最具破坏性的鸟类，
他们是所有那些特征的结合体 。
并不是爱让人得以为人 。
爱不是他们特有的 。
他们并不是唯一会关心同伴的生物 。
他们并不是唯一会照顾孩子的生物 。
信天翁经常飞到六千多英里，
有时甚至是一万多英里外，
飞好几个星期去找寻
一份食物，一份大餐，
回去喂食给等待它的幼鸟 。
它在大海里最偏远的岛屿上筑巢，
这就是那些巢穴的样子 。
生命一代一代向下相传，
铸成了生命的联结 。
假如这停止了，一切就消失了 。
假如有东西是神圣的，那么信天翁就是，
在它这种神圣的关系中
出现了他们的塑料垃圾 。
现在所有那些鸟的身体里都有塑料 。
这是一头六个月大的信天翁，
刚要长羽毛——
却死于肚子里塞满的红色打火机 。
这不是他们和这个世界其他生物之间
应有的关系 。
他们常常以他们优秀的神经系统自居，
却根本从来都没考虑过后果 。
当他们欢迎来到这个世界上的新生命时，
他们常常让他们的小宝宝
与其他的生物作伴 。
他们把鸟类的图案涂绘在墙上 。
他们不会画手机 。
他们不会画工作间 。
他们画鸟类给小宝宝们看，
让他们知道他们并不孤单 。
他们还有它陪伴 。
在每一幅诺亚方舟画上的每一种鸟类，
那些应该被拯救的鸟类
现在都处于灭绝的危险中 。
而他们就是他们的灭顶之灾 。
所以他们是从这个问题开始的：
它爱他们吗？
而现在他们要问另外两个问题 。
他们有没有竭尽所能地
去在乎他们的未来？
非常感谢 。
（掌声)
Have you ever wondered
what animals think and feel?
Lets start with a question:
Does my dog really love me,
or does she just want a treat?
Well, its easy to see
that our dog really loves us,
easy to see, right,
whats going on in that fuzzy little head.
What is going on?
Somethings going on.
But why is the question always
do they love us?
Why is it always about us?
Why are we such narcissists?
I found a different question
to ask animals.
Who are you?
There are capacities of the human mind
that we tend to think are capacities
only of the human mind.
But is that true?
What are other beings
doing with those brains?
What are they thinking and feeling?
Is there a way to know?
I think there is a way in.
I think there are several ways in.
We can look at evolution,
we can look at their brains
and we can watch what they do.
The first thing to remember is:
our brain is inherited.
The first neurons came from jellyfish.
Jellyfish gave rise
to the first chordates.
The first chordates gave rise
to the first vertebrates.
The vertebrates came out of the sea,
and here we are.
But its still true that a neuron,
a nerve cell, looks the same
in a crayfish, a bird or you.
What does that say
about the minds of crayfish?
Can we tell anything about that?
Well, it turns out that
if you give a crayfish
a lot of little tiny electric shocks
every time it tries
to come out of its burrow,
it will develop anxiety.
If you give the crayfish the same drug
used to treat anxiety disorder in humans,
it relaxes and comes out and explores.
How do we show how much
we care about crayfish anxiety?
Mostly, we boil them.
(Laughter)
Octopuses use tools,
as well as do most apes
and they recognize human faces.
How do we celebrate the ape-like
intelligence of this invertebrate?
Mostly boiled.
If a grouper chases a fish
into a crevice in the coral,
it will sometimes go to where it knows
a moray eel is sleeping
and it will signal
to the moray, "Follow me,"
and the moray will understand that signal.
The moray may go into the crevice
and get the fish,
but the fish may bolt
and the grouper may get it.
This is an ancient partnership that we
have just recently found out about.
How do we celebrate
that ancient partnership?
Mostly fried.
A pattern is emerging and it says
a lot more about us
than it does about them.
Sea otters use tools
and they take time away
from what theyre doing
to show their babies what to do,
which is called teaching.
Chimpanzees dont teach.
Killer whales teach
and killer whales share food.
When evolution makes something new,
it uses the parts it has
in stock, off the shelf,
before it fabricates a new twist.
And our brain has come to us
through the enormity
of the deep sweep of time.
If you look at the human brain
compared to a chimpanzee brain,
what you see is we have basically
a very big chimpanzee brain.
Its a good thing ours is bigger,
because were also really insecure.
(Laughter)
But, uh oh, theres a dolphin,
a bigger brain with more convolutions.
OK, maybe youre saying,
all right, well, we see brains,
but what does that
have to say about minds?
Well, we can see the working of the mind
in the logic of behaviors.
So these elephants, you can see,
obviously, they are resting.
They have found a patch of shade
under the palm trees
under which to let their babies sleep,
while they doze but remain vigilant.
We make perfect sense of that image
just as they make perfect sense
of what theyre doing
because under the arc of the same sun
on the same plains,
listening to the howls
of the same dangers,
they became who they are
and we became who we are.
Weve been neighbors for a very long time.
No one would mistake
these elephants as being relaxed.
Theyre obviously very
concerned about something.
What are they concerned about?
It turns out that if you record
the voices of tourists
and you play that recording
from a speaker hidden in bushes,
elephants will ignore it,
because tourists never bother elephants.
But if you record the voices of herders
who carry spears and often hurt elephants
in confrontations at water holes,
the elephants will bunch up
and run away from the hidden speaker.
Not only do elephants know
that there are humans,
they know that there are
different kinds of humans,
and that some are OK
and some are dangerous.
They have been watching us for much longer
than we have been watching them.
They know us better than we know them.
We have the same imperatives:
take care of our babies,
find food, try to stay alive.
Whether were outfitted for hiking
in the hills of Africa
or outfitted for diving under the sea,
we are basically the same.
We are kin under the skin.
The elephant has the same skeleton,
the killer whale has the same skeleton,
as do we.
We see helping where help is needed.
We see curiosity in the young.
We see the bonds of family connections.
We recognize affection.
Courtship is courtship.
And then we ask, "Are they conscious?"
When you get general anesthesia,
it makes you unconscious,
which means you have
no sensation of anything.
Consciousness is simply
the thing that feels like something.
If you see, if you hear, if you feel,
if youre aware of anything,
you are conscious, and they are conscious.
Some people say
well, there are certain things
that make humans humans,
and one of those things is empathy.
Empathy is the minds ability
to match moods with your companions.
Its a very useful thing.
If your companions start to move quickly,
you have to feel like
you need to hurry up.
Were all in a hurry now.
The oldest form of empathy
is contagious fear.
If your companions suddenly
startle and fly away,
it does not work very well for you to say,
"Jeez, I wonder why everybody just left."
(Laughter)
Empathy is old, but empathy,
like everything else in life,
comes on a sliding scale
and has its elaboration.
So theres basic empathy:
you feel sad, it makes me sad.
I see you happy, it makes me happy.
Then theres something
that I call sympathy,
a little more removed:
"Im sorry to hear that your grandmother
has just passed away.
I dont feel that same grief,
but I get it; I know what you feel
and it concerns me."
And then if were motivated
to act on sympathy,
I call that compassion.
Far from being the thing
that makes us human,
human empathy is far from perfect.
We round up empathic creatures,
we kill them and we eat them.
Now, maybe you say OK,
well, those are different species.
Thats just predation,
and humans are predators.
But we dont treat our own kind
too well either.
People who seem to know
only one thing about animal behavior
know that you must never attribute
human thoughts and emotions
to other species.
Well, I think thats silly,
because attributing human thoughts
and emotions to other species
is the best first guess about what
theyre doing and how theyre feeling,
because their brains
are basically the same as ours.
They have the same structures.
The same hormones that create
mood and motivation in us
are in those brains as well.
It is not scientific to say that they
are hungry when theyre hunting
and theyre tired when
their tongues are hanging out,
and then say when theyre playing
with their children
and acting joyful and happy,
we have no idea if they can possibly
be experiencing anything.
That is not scientific.
So OK, so a reporter said to me,
"Maybe, but how do you really know
that other animals can think and feel?"
And I started to rifle
through all the hundreds
of scientific references
that I put in my book
and I realized that the answer
was right in the room with me.
When my dog gets off the rug
and comes over to me --
not to the couch, to me --
and she rolls over on her back
and exposes her belly,
she has had the thought,
"I would like my belly rubbed.
I know that I can go over to Carl,
he will understand what Im asking.
I know I can trust him
because were family.
Hell get the job done,
and it will feel good."
(Laughter)
She has thought and she has felt,
and its really not
more complicated than that.
But we see other animals
and we say, "Oh look, killer whales,
wolves, elephants:
thats not how they see it."
That tall-finned male is L41.
Hes 38 years old.
The female right on his left side is L22.
Shes 44.
Theyve known each other for decades.
They know exactly who they are.
They know who their friends are.
They know who their rivals are.
Their life follows the arc of a career.
They know where they are all the time.
This is an elephant named Philo.
He was a young male.
This is him four days later.
Humans not only can feel grief,
we create an awful lot of it.
We want to carve their teeth.
Why cant we wait for them to die?
Elephants once ranged from the shores
of the Mediterranean Sea
all the way down to the Cape of Good Hope.
In 1980, there were vast
strongholds of elephant range
in Central and Eastern Africa.
And now their range is shattered
into little shards.
This is the geography of an animal
that we are driving to extinction,
a fellow being, the most
magnificent creature on land.
Of course, we take much better care
of our wildlife in the United States.
In Yellowstone National Park,
we killed every single wolf.
We killed every single wolf
south of the Canadian border, actually.
But in the park, park rangers
did that in the 1920s,
and then 60 years later
they had to bring them back,
because the elk numbers
had gotten out of control.
And then people came.
People came by the thousands
to see the wolves,
the most accessibly
visible wolves in the world.
And I went there and I watched
this incredible family of wolves.
A pack is a family.
It has some breeding adults
and the young of several generations.
And I watched the most famous, most stable
pack in Yellowstone National Park.
And then, when they wandered
just outside the border,
two of their adults were killed,
including the mother,
which we sometimes call the alpha female.
The rest of the family immediately
descended into sibling rivalry.
Sisters kicked out other sisters.
That one on the left tried for days
to rejoin her family.
They wouldnt let her
because they were jealous of her.
She was getting too much attention
from two new males,
and she was the precocious one.
That was too much for them.
She wound up wandering
outside the park and getting shot.
The alpha male wound up
being ejected from his own family.
As winter was coming in,
he lost his territory,
his hunting support,
the members of his family and his mate.
We cause so much pain to them.
The mystery is, why dont
they hurt us more than they do?
This whale had just finished eating
part of a grey whale
with his companions
who had killed that whale.
Those people in the boat
had nothing at all to fear.
This whale is T20.
He had just finished tearing a seal
into three pieces with two companions.
The seal weighed about as much
as the people in the boat.
They had nothing to fear.
They eat seals.
Why dont they eat us?
Why can we trust them around our toddlers?
Why is it that killer whales have returned
to researchers lost in thick fog
and led them miles until the fog parted
and the researchers home
was right there on the shoreline?
And thats happened more than one time.
In the Bahamas, theres a woman
named Denise Herzing,
and she studies spotted dolphins
and they know her.
She knows them very well.
She knows who they all are.
They know her.
They recognize the research boat.
When she shows up,
its a big happy reunion.
Except, one time showed up and they
didnt want to come near the boat,
and that was really strange.
And they couldnt figure out
what was going on
until somebody came out on deck
and announced that one
of the people onboard had died
during a nap in his bunk.
How could dolphins know
that one of the human hearts
had just stopped?
Why would they care?
And why would it spook them?
These mysterious things just hint at
all of the things that are going on
in the minds that are with us on Earth
that we almost never think about at all.
At an aquarium in South Africa
was a little baby bottle-nosed
dolphin named Dolly.
She was nursing, and one day
a keeper took a cigarette break
and he was looking into the window
into their pool, smoking.
Dolly came over and looked at him,
went back to her mother,
nursed for a minute or two,
came back to the window
and released a cloud of milk
that enveloped her head like smoke.
Somehow, this baby bottle-nosed dolphin
got the idea of using milk
to represent smoke.
When human beings use one thing
to represent another,
we call that art.
(Laughter)
The things that make us human
are not the things
that we think make us human.
What makes us human is that,
of all these things that our minds
and their minds have,
we are the most extreme.
We are the most compassionate,
most violent, most creative
and most destructive animal
that has ever been on this planet,
and we are all of those things
all jumbled up together.
But love is not the thing
that makes us human.
Its not special to us.
We are not the only ones
who care about our mates.
We are not the only ones
who care about our children.
Albatrosses frequently fly six,
sometimes ten thousand miles
over several weeks to deliver
one meal, one big meal,
to their chick who is waiting for them.
They nest on the most remote islands
in the oceans of the world,
and this is what it looks like.
Passing life from one generation
to the next is the chain of being.
If that stops, it all goes away.
If anything is sacred, that is,
and into that sacred relationship
comes our plastic trash.
All of these birds
have plastic in them now.
This is an albatross six months old,
ready to fledge --
died, packed with red cigarette lighters.
This is not the relationship
we are supposed to have
with the rest of the world.
But we, who have named
ourselves after our brains,
never think about the consequences.
When we welcome new
human life into the world,
we welcome our babies
into the company of other creatures.
We paint animals on the walls.
We dont paint cell phones.
We dont paint work cubicles.
We paint animals to show them
that we are not alone.
We have company.
And every one of those animals
in every painting of Noahs ark,
deemed worthy of salvation
is in mortal danger now,
and their flood is us.
So we started with a question:
Do they love us?
Were going to ask another question.
Are we capable of using what we have
to care enough to simply
let them continue?
Thank you very much.
【动物的思想是什么 ted演讲合集百度网盘，转TED演讲稿1】 (Applause)
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